1898 Cuban Revolution Essay Example For Students

1898 Cuban Revolution Essay The cosmetics of Cuba in the latenineteenth century is a lot of equivalent to it is today. Nearly66% of the populace are white and of Spanish plunge. About 22% are of blended racial legacy, and 12% of thepopulace is dark. Cuba misleads the south of the UnitedStates, and is most effectively available by vessel from theFlorida area. It is this maritime quality that envelops theisland. During the Ten Years War, between 1868-1878,the Cubans battled contrary to Spanish principle in their nation. Defiance broke out around the island, and the rebelsjoined under an assembled pioneer, Carlos de Cespedes, awealthy grower, who broadcasted freedom from Spain. Almost 200,000 lives were lost, until the Treaty of ElZanjun was agreed upon. This understanding guaranteed thegovernment would change and cancel subjection and thetyrannical rule it held over the Cubans. The arrangement was nothonored notwithstanding, and obstruction was again set up in1885. The Spanish ruler at the time Alfonso XIII,encouraged the utilization of death camps forrevolutionaries trapped in fight. The Cuban Revolutionbecame incredibly ridiculous because of the utilization of Guerrillawarfare. This military activity, led on its hometerrain, comprised of occupants tired of abusive guideline. The men included worked from bases found somewhere down in thejungle, thick timberlands, and high rough heights. Guerrillasdepended on locals for food, sanctuary, and usefulinformation. While striking quickly was an unquestionable requirement, the groups ofmen were had some expertise in the undetected assaulting of enemycamps. They could snare a watch, kill the fighters, andsupply their whole organization surprisingly fast. Cuttingcommunication between foe lines turned into a primetarget, when cut off from the military, a legion could beattacked, incapacitated, and their stores utilized for therevolutionaries. It was the sad, penniless populacethat revolted. Having little to lose they could battle on hometurf and soon, a lot to there please had help from theUnited States. While in port in Havana on February 15,1898 the U.S. Warship Maine was sunk by a largeexplosion. The Americans proclaimed war on Spainimmediately, assaulting all Spanish maritime vessels in the area,marking the star t of the Spanish-American War. At last on July 18, 1898, George Dewey, a U.S. navalofficer directed the armada that decimated Spanish vesselsin Manila. After being vanquished by and by, Spainsurrendered, surrendering Cuba and the Philippines as freecountries. In this way with the assistance of the United States, andthere own battling insubordination inside the nation theinhabitants of Cuba picked up opportunity from Spanishdictatorship, turning into the Cuban Republic in 1901 andelecting Tomas Estrada Palma as president in 1902. Classification: History

Amy Lee Essays

Amy Lee Essays Amy Lee Essay Amy Lee Essay Amy Lee Amy Lynn Lee, artist musician and traditionally prepared piano player, is fellow benefactor and lead artist of the elective metal band Evanescence. Enlivened by her mom, Lee went through nine years of her life rehearsing piano. Lee was destined to guardians John Lee, radio character, and Sara Cargill. Living in Florida and California, they at long last settled in Little Rock, Arkansas, where the band Evanescence started. Hearing Lee’s excellent voice and sincere words, tears tumble from the cheeks of some tuning in. Her words resound in the spirit of the collector. At a late spring youth camp, Ben Moody saw Lee on the piano playing the melody, â€Å"I’d Do Anything for Love (But I Won’t Do That),† by Meatloaf. After a month, the two started composing tunes, in the long run delivering Evanescence EP in 1998, Sound Asleep EP in 1999, and the full length demo, Origin, in 2000. Marking with Wind-Up Records, Evanescence discharged Fallen in 2003, selling six point 6,000,000 duplicates and going through 43 weeks in the Billboard top ten. Evanescence’s significant name debut single, â€Å"Bring Me to Life,† was a significant hit for the band and arrived at number five on the American Billboard Hot 100, while the similarly mainstream â€Å"My Immortal† topped at number seven in the United States. Their consideration in the soundtrack for the activity film, â€Å"Daredevil,† moved the two melodies into across the board prevalence and solidly established Evanescence inside the music scene. â€Å"Bring Me to Life† picked up acknowledgment for the band at the Grammy Awards of 2004, where the band was given the Best Hard Rock Performance grant. Simultaneously, Evanescence was granted Best New Artist. Lead-guitarist Ben Moody unexpectedly left the band during the center of their European visit. Assuaged of a damaging relationship with Moody, Lee states, â€Å"Before, I wasn’t permitted to play any organ since Ben didn’t like it. This time I could do anything I desired, and there’s loads of organ. It’s everywhere. † (Lee) Moody was supplanted by Terry Balsamo, the previous Limp Bizkit guitarist. In the mean time, the band experienced various snags: Balsamo experienced a stroke, Lee sued her supervisor, asserting rape, and Lee broke ties with her beau, Seether’s Shaun Morgan. Lee and Morgan delivered a two part harmony, â€Å"Broken,† which shows up in the soundtrack to â€Å"The Punisher. † After three years nonappearance, Evanescence’s second collection, The Open Door, was discharged. The Open Door appeared at the highest point of the Billboard diagrams, selling in excess of 447,000 units in its first week and arrived at platinum status in a little more than a month. The collection is characterized by Lee’s lovely tunes, convincing verses, profoundly moving piano and stunning vocals, mixed with Terry Balsamo’s pressing yet mind boggling guitar to frame a consistent, fragile blend that splendidly channels the band’s hard rock and old style sensibilities. The album’s first single, â€Å"Call Me When You’re Sober,† slams Morgan for his illicit drug use. Lee started composing at the young age of eleven. She stays consistent with herself through life’s preliminaries, composing and singing from the heart, charming crowds around the world. At the point when Lee and Moody, fellow benefactors of Evanescence, started singing, Lee was just sixteen. Lee has developed throughout the years, as is reflected in the collection The Open Door. As Alen Meltzer, CEO of Wind-Up Records, states, â€Å"She is the female voice of her age. She’s make her mark as an essayist and an artist. She made this record with no mark inclusion. It was all her. † (Meltzer). Some may discover the verses of Evanescence hostile, yet others may discover them calming, at long last having somebody put words to their agony and outrage.

Monsanto Ethical Dilemmas - 1100 Words

Monsanto: Ethical Dilemmas (Essay Sample) Content: Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Monsanto: Ethical Dilemmas Monsanto is one of the leading multinational firms that is dedicated to producing variety, conserving the environment as well as improving the lives of people across the whole world. At Monsanto, integrity is at the heart of all business operations. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s code of conduct has been a critical tool that helps in achieving its goals and objectives. In order to completely and closely address ethical challenges, Monsanto refreshes its code of conduct on a yearly basis. Monsanto believes that there is need to always do what is ethically right since all operations affects directly its customers, community, shareholders and the partners. Monsantoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s code of conduct provides clear guidelines that helps stakeholders to make right choices even when faced with challenges that are not provided for by particular laws and regulations. The management encourages all stakeholders to take their time in understanding the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s code of conduct as well as following it (Ferrell, John and Linda 24). Monsanto also encourages everyone to raise any ethical concerns that touches or violates its code of conduct. Monsanto believes that it is the responsibility of every stakeholder to demonstrate high level of integrity In order to accomplish its vision of supporting farmers across the whole world. This paper comprises of an in-depth look of Monsantoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ethical dilemmas that have been a threat to the company due to its inability to address them appropriately. Genetically modified food is one of the controversial ethical issue that was raised concerning Monsanto. The company took advantage of engineering crops as a way of controlling huge share of seeds market not aware that eventually people may fail to consume genetically modified foods. Monsanto dedicated billions of dollars In order to make plants engineering a reality. It came across major scientific challenges ranging from inserting strange genes on normal plants to breeding of a variety of genes capable of performing perfectly well. In addition, Monsanto had to design a mechanism for preventing farmers from copying its invented technology. With regard to this, the company designed a well-crafted business and marketing strategy that involved treating crop engineering like it was manufacturing a new type of a vehicle (Brummer 115). This invention became a cash cow to the shareholders of the company but the benefits to consumers, members of the public and farmers in general was not cle ar. In its announcement of the GM crops project, Monsanto did not include a clause to demonstrate its commitment to help farmers, consumers and the public who are its target group. Opponents of genetically modified plants argue that on average, the negative implications largely outweighs the associated benefits. Prior to invention of genetically modified crops, Monsanto did not sufficiently address the ethical dilemmas in their business and marketing strategy. Failure to incorporate possible ethical concerns in its business model became a severe threat to the growth, commercialization and development of genetically modified crops (Brummer 116). Although most genetically modified foods are not a major threat to human life or the ecosystem at large, the way in which Monsanto continued during the engineering of genetically modified foods and thereafter did totally nothing to instill confidence during its pronouncement that the GM plants as well as foods produced did not pose any risk. Monsantoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to protect the engineering and modification of GM crops as well as failure to label crops and foods with GM sent an impression to consumers that something was being hidden. Further, the federal government at that time did not have any regulations in place to govern GM crops. The industry also had no rules to regulate genetically modified crop plants and foods. Truly, genetic modification is the scientific way of developing crops that are capable of yielding more harvest even under adverse weather conditions and this may be a major boost to food security and safety across the whole world. However, from the Monsantoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business model the ultimate goal was to increase profitability from the release of GM foods. The rationale behind engineering GM crops was profit but not unselfishness and this has raised ethical concerns about Monsanto. In a nutshell, food security and safety were not among the first considerations by Monsanto when it initially modified genetically modified crops. In its initial modification, Monsanto target traits included pests and herbicides resistance. Truly, these traits have successfully managed to improve crops management and this is the reason farmers have uniformly adopted them. However, although the advancements especially those initiated during the twentieth century such as fertilizers, pesticides a nd herbicides have helped in solving previous crop management issue, they are the major causes of new set of problems (Brummer 116). Arguably, diseases and pest challenges have worsened over time since the start of modification process. Undoubtedly, todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GM crop technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solutions will be the birth of tomorrowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new challenges. Further, two major ethical issues that have a...

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Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy - 654 Words

The parallels shown between Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy demonstrate the influence Kyds play had on Shakespeare. The similarities can be seen throughout the plot lines and context of both plays. While using the plays as different tools, both are used for expediting revenge. Shakespeare, through the impact of Kyds play, established and perfected an ideal plot for a play expressing revengeful tragedy. The actions and thoughts that Hamlet shows greatly displays many characteristics from The Spanish Tragedy. Hamlet models himself after Hieronimo in the way he approaches revenge. However, Hamlet wants his victims to suffer not only on earth but in the afterlife. Kyd and Shakespeare utilize both meta-theaters to exact revenge and reveal guilt. The intention of a play within a play by Kyd is used for the format of Hieronimos death. It varies from that of Hamlet in layout and context. Hamlet plans precisely how he will avenge his fathers death and when he will strike. Hamlet exclaims, When he is...about some act/ That has no relish of salvation int--/ Then trip him...And that his soul may be damned and black/ As hell (Shakespeare III.iv.94-100). Killing Claudius in a sinful state will satisfy him, his father, and affect him by suffering in the afterlife as well. Hieronimo also plots his revenge, but is solely concerned with achieve earthly revenge. The Spanish Tragedy includes a play that is longer in duration than that of Hamlet. Kyd does this to allow the audience toShow MoreRelated Characteristics of a Machiavel in The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet1163 Words   |  5 PagesCharacteristics of a Machiavel in The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet  Ã‚   To understand a renaissance machiavel as portrayed in The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet, it is necessary to find characters from both works that exhibit the characteristics of a machiavel (Plotting, secrecy and eventually murder). This is the difficult part, as most of the major characters in both plays exhibit some, if not all of these characteristics - while neither Heironimo nor Hamlet are villains, they both rely upon machiavellianRead MoreEssay on Heroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy1389 Words   |  6 PagesHeroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy In Elizabethan drama, it was accepted that the villains of the piece would, because of their evil methods and aims, be revealed and punished - in other words, justice would be served. The problem, however, arises when the heroes of the piece use the same methods as the villains. I use the term hero warily, as the traditional hero of a revenge tragedy is one who would at first seem completely unsuited to a revenging role; Heironimo is portrayedRead MoreThe Use of Supernatural Elements in Shakespeares Hamlet and Kyds the Spanish Tragedy1181 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the usage and effects that the supernatural elements have in both Kyds `The Spanish Tragedy and Shakespeares Hamlet. Ghosts or supernatural beings feature both in The Spanish Tragedy, written by Thomas Kyd, in 1587, and in Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, in 1601. Ghosts and the supernatural `remind the characters and the audience of the constraints the past places on the present, and also the obligations the l iving bear to the departed . There were many superstitions surroundingRead MoreHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet as a Revenge Tragedy Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet as a Revenge Tragedy Revenge Tragedy was a genre which lasted from 1590 until 1615. The genre appealed to the Elizabethan audience’s desire for blood and violence without emotional depth. ================================================================== Revenge tragedies originated in the writings of the Roman Seneca (4BC-AD65) whose plays heavily influenced Elizabethan dramatists. Seneca’s tragedies, using stories derived from mythologyRead MoreRevenge Conventions In Hamlet Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a play written by William Shakespeare that very closely follows the dramatic conventions of revenge in Elizabethan theater. All revenge tragedies originally stemmed from the Greeks, who wrote and performed the first plays. After the Greeks came Seneca who was very influential to all Elizabethan tragedy writers. Seneca who was Roman, basically set all of the ideas and the norms for all revenge play writers in the Renaissance era including William Shakespeare. The two most famous EnglishRead MoreEmily Bronte s Hamlet And Wuthering Heights 1307 Words   |  6 PagesRevenge in Hamlet and Wuthering Heights Abstract This concise paper is an analogical study. It consists of three parts; the first one defines the word revenge and explains where the theme of revenge comes from and how it has expended to other types of literary works until these days. The second part of the study, is supported by exemplifies Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet. The last part of the paper, provides Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, Wuthering Heights as a good example; because one of the main themesRead More Shakespeare the Plagiarist Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesothers were in his great director and playwright skills. The play Hamlet is one of the most re-created and re-written books to date. Hamlet is still being performed in theaters around the world. Even though many people perceive Shakespeare as a literary genius, we can not give him sole credit for his plays and sonnets. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare did not invent the plots of his plays. Sometimes he used old stories (Hamlet, Pericles). Sometimes he worked from the stories of comparativelyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Spanish Tragedy 2479 Words   |  10 PagesThomas Kyd’s ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ follows the traditional techniques we typically assume will be in a revenge tragedy, and how Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ follows these conventions as well as how Hamlet sometimes challenges the typical conventions of revenge tragedy plays and pushes them. I will also discuss the notion of revenge, as well as discuss how the two plays use the conventions of the genre to promote different ways of thinking about the ethics of revenge. Revenge tragedy was a popular genreRead MoreHamlet : A Classic Revenge Tragedy1103 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is not like any tragedy. Hamlet is a classic revenge tragedy. All the revenge tragedies were popular in England during the late 16th and early 17th. A Shakespearean tragedy is built upon a central conflict which runs through from the beginning to the end of the tragedy until the conflict is finally resolved. The play is built upon the long, tragic conflict between Hamlet and Claudius and the conflict is built upon the figure of revenge. The Driving points that shapes the plot of play are

American Pop Art Essay Example For Students

American Pop Art Essay Examine the mass medias influence on both the formal and iconographic features of American Pop Art. Centre your discussion on one or two examples each of the work of the following artists: Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Tom Wesselmann, James Rosenquist. Pop Art is one of the major art movements of the Twentieth Century. Characterized by themes and techniques drawn from mass culture such as advertising and comic books, pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the ideas of abstract expressionism which preceded Pop in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The decade of the 1960s was perhaps one of the most provocative, in terms of culture, politics and philosophy, of the 20th century. The amazing growth that transpired in America from the end of World War II through the cold war period of the 1950s resulted in a newly formed consumer culture. In the first years of the decade, Pop artists responded to this new commercialism and embraced consumerism as a fitting subject of their art. Hallmarks of Abstract Expressionism such as expression and gesture were replaced with cool, detached, mechanical illustrations of common objects, often based on advertising images. Basing their techniques, style and imagery on certain aspects of mass reproduction, media-derived imagery and consumer society, Pop artists began to erode the gulf between high art and low art, taking inspiration from advertising, pulp magazines, billboards, movies, television, comic strips, and shop-window displays. For instance, mass produced supermarket food is often the subject matter of its art including hamburgers, French fries, sandwiches, soup cans, soda and beer cans, and cakes. Among Pop Arts famous examples are Tom Wesselman and his Great American Nude series, Andy Warhols canonization of the Campbells soup can, Roy Lichtensteins blowups of comic strips, James Rosenquist and his juxtaposed image stories and Claes Oldenburgs Store. These artists believed that art had become too inward and unrealistic. They wanted their art to reflect the contemporary world of the mid-twentieth century city; they wanted to reflect a rapidly changing society. Whats more, Pop Art investigates the areas of popular taste and kitsch that were previously considered outside the limits of fine art. Andy Warhol was an avant-garde American artist, filmmaker, writer and social figure. He was one of the founders of the Pop Art movement in the United States in the 1950s and who is claimed to have brought Pop Art to the public eye. His screen prints of Coke bottles, Campbells soup tins and film stars are part of the iconography of the 20th century. Andy Warhol had a lifelong interest in movie stars which first surfaced in his art in 1962 when he begun working on portraits of Marilyn Monroe. Warhol attempted to keep his personal fascination with fame from showing through too clearly in his works, preferring to leave their meaning open to the interpretation of viewers. Warhol is best known for his extremely simple, larger-than-life, high contrast color paintings (silk-screen prints) of packaged consumer products, everyday objects, such as Campbells Soup, poppy flowers and the banana and also for his stylized portraits of the twentieth century celebrity icons, such Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Judy Garland and Elizabeth Taylor. Warhols early paintings show images taken from cartoons and advertisements. However, cartoons and comics were already being used by fellow artist Roy Lichtenstein. Warhol wanted a distinguishing subject of his own and his friends suggested he should paint the things he loved the most. In his signature way of taking things literally, he painted images such as his famous cans of Campbells soup, which he had for lunch most of his life. Yet, Warhols Campbells Soup Cans, (1962, The Museum of Modern Art) can also represent other notions. It can depict the cheapness of mass culture. It can also be viewed as a cynical joke about the American collectors artistic nationalism or it may merely illustrate Warhols genuine love for his mother who constantly fed him canned soup. Campbells Soup Cans as well as Warhols famous Marilyn Monroe, (1962, Leo Castelli Gallery) are silk screened paintings based on the mass produced. These images are often presented in a series by which Warhol repeats the picture a large number of times on the same canvas or on separate canvases. Each image in the series is slightly different from the next one. Warhol utilizes a wide range of color from the monochrome to the vivid and vibrant. In his Campbell Soup painting, numerous rows and columns of red and white Campbell soup cans are painted alongside each other. They are all identical except for the flavor of the soup that is written on each can. Warhols main aesthetic strategies were based on the fashion industry and mass media advertising. This means that he constantly used reproduction and incessant repetition in the art work. But it was repetition and reproduction without a message. For example, the statement Black Bean on the Campbells soup can is meaningless when it is reproduced in art, which is exactly how mass advertising works and Warhol wanted his artwork to have this same effect. However, Warhols Campbells soup did not only function as an illustration of commercial industry and advertisement, it was an intrinsic part of Warhols life and memories and popular culture. For him the soup represented a feeling of being at home with family. It was what the mass media declared a comfort food. Tamed Shrews And Twelfth Nights: The Role Of Women EssayJames Rosenquist himself explained that face was from Kennedys campaign poster. I was very interested at that time in people who advertised themselves. Rosenquist admired the work of other New York artists like Oldenburg who were incorporating objects or images of everyday life into their artwork. They wanted to bridge the gap between art and life while eschewing emotion as a primary source of inspiration. Oldenburgs approach differs from that of pop artists Andy Warhol or Roy Lichtenstein. His idiosyncratic method to his subjects stems in part from his affinities to the earlier movements of dada surrealism. In 1961 Claes Oldenburg opened The Store. This large-scale environment contained colorful plaster sculptures of shirts, ties, dresses, and food, all of which were sold as merchandise from a storefront on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. The Store was an exploration of common everyday objects and reconfiguring food items, such as a hamburger and an ice-cream cone, and mechanical devices like telephones and typewriters. The store was a handmade, colorful, consumer-oriented, friendly temple to money and materialistic culture. In his store, Oldenburg introduced an innovation in sculpture. The soft sculptures, which were objects constructed in fabric that permits them to change form. For example, Floorburger is one of Oldenbergs soft sculptures made from canvas that is filled with foam and cardboard and painted to replicate a giant hamburger. Form, surface, color, and the evocation of the human figure are Oldenburgs primary formal concerns. To realize the ultimate shape of an object, Oldenburg reduces it to a combination of simple geometric forms. He also once remarked that colorful, engaging objects employ humor to relax people and allowed him to get serious messages across. Pie a la Mode, (1963, The Museum of Contemporary Art) is one very important object from The Store. Oldenburg fashioned the sculpture out of wire, muslin and plaster. He used layers of enamel paint to give the work color and its shiny texture. The object is oversized, drippy, gaudy, sensuous and vulgar. At first glace, this sculpture looks like a slice of blueberry pie with a scoop of vanilla ice-cream placed on the top. However, some critics have interpreted this work as a serious representation of the greedy consumer culture where too much is never enough. Other critics felt that Oldenburg created simple art for simple minds. Yet, Oldenburg claimed that he wanted to make art that was accessible to everyone on there own terms. He encouraged his audience to bring there own experiences to his work and to associate and discover whatever they could about the form and meaning of his work. Oldenburg spent much of his life bending, inflating, melting and enlarging the ordinary objects of 20th century American reality. Throughout his career Claes Oldenburg has demonstrated the power of the imagination to transform the everyday environment. Drawing inspiration from the ubiquitous and mundane, he has created artworks of varying scale and media that astonish with their wit, humor, and metaphoric associations. The fifth American Pop Artist is Tom Wesselmann. While his work wasnt as important as Warhols or Lichtensteins (or even Oldenburgs or Rosenquists), Wesselmann deserves credit for being one of the few artists of that era to tackle traditional art history themes such as the nude and the still life. Beginning in the 1950s, he made collages from magazine clippings and found objects, often incorporating female nudes. So Wesselmann went to paint his variations on the Great American Nude that incorporated pink, heavily nippled female forms with neat pubic triangles, who were posed bathing and lounging. Subsequently Wesselman became best known for this Great American Nudes series. This series portrayed Wesselmanss idealized version of the American male dream girl. His women were often extremely attractive with large breasts who struck suggestive poses. They looked like plastic cutouts of women and his painting Study For Helen, (1964, Gallery Schlesinger) is a classic example of his work. In this painting a beautiful fair skinned woman is lying in a provocative position against a colorful background. The color of his background is arbitrary and the composition of the pale naked woman against the bright uplifting random shades is flattering and electrifying. On the womans body a white strip is set against her pink flesh and a delicately airbrushed suggestion of public hair shocks by creating an erotic charge and indicating that the white strip is an area of skin that has been protected by the sun. Tom Wesselmans 100-piece Great American Nude series of the 1960s indicates the flip and brash promiscuity of his style. In general, this series employed flat billboard colors and faceless but curiously erotic naked women painted to represent the medias portrayal of classic American beauty. The work by these five American Pop Artists was undoubtedly characterized by their portrayal of any and all aspects of popular culture that had a powerful impact on contemporary life. Their iconography was taken from television, comic books, movies, magazines and all forms of advertising. The images were then presented emphatically and objectively. Everything by these artists was rowdy, daring, playful and brash. The 1960s was clearly a time of delicious freedom, humor, irony, and witty commentary on the materialism and banality of mid-twentieth century America. All the images painted during this period can be read as both an unabashed celebration and a scathing critique of popular culture.

Marketplace consideration Essay Example

Marketplace consideration Essay What are marketplace considerations for implementing ISO 14000? Does implementing ISO 14000 provide a company with a competitive advantage? If so, how? Discuss. ISO 14000 is a standard meeting criteria for any organization. Implementation of ISO 14000 requires some huge considerations. One of them is marketplace considerations; you have to look for the standards of your market and your competitors, it may be very essential to survive in your market place. For example consider food industry and toilet paper industry, if you are a mineral water producer, and 60% of your competitors are ISO certified, you may loose a major chunk of your market share, just because you are in a food industry and people are much conscious of their health standards specially people of 3rd world who drink mineral waters to ensure health and quality of water. Even reduced prices or competitive prices may not do the miracle which an ISO certification can. Yes, the title brings along a competitive edge, but yet it depends on nature of your market, your competitors and your product. Even it may be a necessity more than an edge. What is a GAP analysis? Why is it important to the ISO planning process? Discuss. GAP analysis a technique used to measure the standards of your organization and compare with the standards of ISO implementation. You find the shortcomings, the problems and try to fill in the gaps. A GAP analysis may provide a basis for drastic change, thorough improvements, and radical developments; it may lead to an opportunity also. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketplace consideration specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketplace consideration specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketplace consideration specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a transformer you must apply all the required transformations on an organization in all of the departments to fulfill the specific criteria laid by the ISO. The minimum criteria can only be measured against some benchmark and you have to work at your bottlenecks to improve in all and off course required dimensions. How does a sustainability plan positively affect internal stakeholders? How quickly would they see benefits? Discuss. A sustainability plan serves as a rescuer for sinking organizations, there are many dimensions of sustenance and the internal stakeholders can experience the ways in many dimensions. New horizons to business The benefits are tangible and intangible, they may be visible or invisible, but yet there are many things which are apparent but yes they take time to appear, because after change success comes after a certain while and you can enjoy the results only after the dust of movement has settled upon the road. But often a sustenance plan may cater a prototype limited kind of change in selected business area or functionality. References Eduardo Alvarez, Ian Buchanan, Jong Hyun Chang, Vinay Couto, Peter von Hochberg, David Humenansky, Paul Hyde, Narayan Nallicheri, Gary Neilson, Paolo Pigorini, Joe Saddi, and Akira Uchida, Booz Allen Hamilton (2003). A New take on Business Process Redesign. Accessed on April 30, 2010 from eiltd.net.

The blithedale romance

The blithedale romance The Woman Named Zenobia In Hawthorne's story The Blithedale Romance, we are introduced to the character Zenobia. Zenobia is a wealthy woman who considers herself to be a feminist. She is always preaching her view of the woman's role in society. She is a woman who feels and speaks very passionately about the feminist's place in the world. This all seems to change as soon as Zenobia falls in love with Hollingsworth. After Zenobia begins spending more and more time with this man we start to see her position as a powerful and independent woman disappear more and more. Zenobia starts to fall behind Hollingsworth, he begins to control this feminist, and soon even all her opinions about feminism are nothing. Zenobia becomes, in this story the woman that she has been trying to do away with; she takes on the role of the woman behind the man.The trouble started in Zenobia's life when Priscilla is sent to Blithedale to live with her.Zenobia pulverulenta

Venus and Adonis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Venus and Adonis - Essay Example God has chiseled such a rare figure. But he is disinterested in the art of love. He gets immense joy in hunting and riding over the hills after deer and fox. Mesmerised with his beauty, Venus specially descends on Planet Earth from the heavens and falls in love with him desperately. Passion has been compared as an animal instinct. Shakespeare highlights this instinct through the love play of Adonis and Venus. Love and passion of a woman have the capacity to disturb the mental equilibrium of a man and Venus is aware of the strength and the power of seduction of the feminine charms. She challenges him one morning in the fields as he is on his hunting mission. She pleads with him to dismount, tie his horse to a tree and engage in conversation with her. Shakespeare describes how Venus proceeds step by step to kindle the animal passion in Adonis. Initially, she is tactful with her love but later does not hesitate to apply force, reclines by his side and eyes him with caressing glances, engages him in passionate conversation, explains to him in tender words the wonder and glory of love. Adonis does not relent, he is steady and firm, is more anxious to leave her even as she begs him for kind disposition and a kiss, but Adonis is set on his single-pointed determination for hunting. She lists the pleasures that she can offer to him, Adonis finally breaks himself from her arms, and it is at this moment, Shakespeare explains in clear terms the victory of the animal instinct, by the example of the behavior of the horse. As Adonis rushes towards his stallion, it hears a call of a jennet in a field nearby. Shakespeare describes the situation thus: The aroused stallion forgets about the loyalty to its master, breaks the leather thong that holds him and gallops towards the jennet.  

African and american politics of social change Article

African and american politics of social change - Article Example and for the fact that they are portrayed negatively by the society, the young black men in the American community have undergone extremely harsh treatment from authorities compared to the white young men. This article is purposefully out to understand the aspects surrounding the young black men in the American society; it also seeks to examine ways in which the government and the stakeholders can offer assistance in order to help the young black men engage in reasonable and fruitful activities in terms ameliorating their lives; through mentorship, as well as conducting restoration for those who have reached extreme levels of drug abuse and criminal activities. This article also seeks to identify the main problems faced by the young black men, as well as the causes of those problems. An initiative was initiated by president Obama this past month dubbed My Brother’s keeper; this enterprise aims to enhance the survival opportunities of young black men. This is a positively vital effort intended to aid the young black men as it is considered one of the most vulnerable groups in the society. As indicated earlier in the article, there is a likeliness of young black men leaving the school system and engaging in criminal activities, therefore attracting the attention of disciplinary and administrative systems such as juvenile and criminal justice structures. Disagreements have sprung up regarding the basis of the complications, but a few are doubtful that drastic measures must be undertaken to address the problems. Obama highlighted a number of interventions one being a program based in Chicago known as becoming a man; this program has the aim of curbing the violent nature of the teenagers through teaching cognitive social skills for example self-control, the ability of studying the reactions and intentions of others more accurately as well as conflict resolution. Naturally, most young individuals have short vehemence and upon provocation they tend to lash out at

Compare the role of France and the United States in the Rwandan Essay

Compare the role of France and the United States in the Rwandan genocide and account for the differences you find - Essay Example In the year 1990, the Tutsi decided to strike back and the Rwandese Patriotic Front was formed, comprised of Tutsi refugees who launched attacks from Uganda. A cease fire was arranged through the intervention of the United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda, and the terms agreed to were intended to improve ethnic participation and power sharing, allow refugees to return to their homes and create a multi party state (Gourevitch, 1999). However, the Hutus did not want to share power and commenced a media campaign via the radio station RTML, to mobilize ordinary Hutus against Tutsis, resulting in the eruption of genocidal activity. The Presidents of both Rwanda and Burundi were killed on April 6, 1994, and that night a series of mass murders resulted, with the Belgian peacekeeping forces helpless to intervene in the crisis due to their role as peace keepers.(Gourevitch, 1999). Ten Belgian soldiers who were assigned to protect the Hutu Prime Minister were murdered, and one week after the conflict erupted, Belgium withdrew all its troops. On 6th April, the large scale killing of Tutsis commenced and resulted in almost 800,000 people being killed over the short span of a few days, while the world looked on and did nothing. In summing up the reasons for the Rwandan genocide, Eltringham states that some view it as the result of â€Å"ethnic hatred†, others as a result of â€Å"bad politics and power struggle†, while yet others view it as the â€Å"direct outcome of colonial and neo imperialist manipulations†, and â€Å"economic frustrations†, but the truth may be that all these elements combined to play a role in the crisis. (Eltringham, 2004:xv). The occurrence of the genocide is a horrific event in recent human history, where thousands of innocent people died while the world stood by and did nothing. The United States is implicated for its role in the Rwanda genocide mostly through its

Pied Beauty Essay example -- Poetry

The poem "Pied Beauty" begins by praising God for all the colorful and diverse things in nature. The speaker is thankful for everything with dots, circles, different colors, etc. He seems to be fond of nature and "the great outdoors." Many of the images in the poem made me think of camping out, or a picnic. For example, fresh fire-coal, chestnut falls, finches, skies of two colors, cows, etc. But the poem does not only speak of natures’ diversity. It also makes reference to manmade things. For example, man’s trades, tackle, and trim are also varied. The landscape plotted and pieced. The poem goes on to thank God for more things. Everything that is different, everything that is changing, everything that has dots, etc. At the end of the poem, the speaker says, "He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change." I had trouble with this line, because I did not know what the speaker meant by this. But after researching, and asking around, I came to the conclusion that it means that God, who creates change, is unchanging himself. While the beauty of the earth lies in its change, and it’s diversity†¦ the beauty of God is unchanging and timeless. So there is a bit of irony at the end. This poem seems to have no setting. However, it uses a lot of images that made me think of being outdoors, camping, on a picnic, or looking up at the sky. The poem also has a joyful tone. It also has a little religious insight. It is almost li...

Causes of obesity Essay

Alderman describes the problem with great success that gets the reader’s attention. She introduces the problem by explaining common causes of obesity, which are addressed in Michelle Obama’s campaign recently. Referring to the nation’s first lady to address her issue, Alderman intensifies the problem so the reader can â€Å"see† it better. She then quotes the Center for Disease Control and Prevention statistic that â€Å"one of three children in this country is overweight or obese.† The author also uses statistics and facts to dramatize the problem making the reader actually â€Å"feel† the problem, thus appealing to their pathos. She evokes a sense of anxiousness for the parents because they may feel surprised and worried if their children have the same problem with obesity. To inspire such pathos and to further convince the reader that the problem must be solved, she applies logos. She explains that if action is not taken, many kids are at risk for Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. In addition, by referring to Michelle Obama and giving credit to a study and relevant sources, she also establishes her ethos. By creating pathos, logos, and ethos while describing the problem, Alderman is very effective in giving the problem presence. Alderman is also very successful in describing her solution; she does a terrific job of enhancing the power of her proposal through striking visual texts. Each element in her solution is emphasized with capitalized, bold headings such as â€Å"FACE THE FACTS.† Within these categories are her recommendations to all parents. She speaks directly to them and her goal is to inform them of new information about what they can do to keep their family healthy and avoid childhood obesity. Using the visual technique, Alderman creates a sense of trustworthiness, which appeals to her audience to do what is recommended.

Essay on Free Will - 776 Words

Free Will â€Å"Free Will and its effect on the Greeks, Christians, and Romans† Free will is defined as: Voluntary choice or decision; freedom of humans to make choices that are not determined by prior causes or by divine intervention (Webster’s Online Collegiate Dictionary). Free will had an effect on the Greeks, Christians, and the Romans. Three stories, Oedipus the King, the Bible, and the Aenied, respectively, that we have studied and that fall in each society are examples of how free will is altered by different societies and how it effects their lives. Oedipus the King was written by a Greek, Sophocles. During this time, the Greeks believed that everything was done for the gods, they did not have free will over their lives.†¦show more content†¦Adam and Eve have been told by God to not eat the fruit off of the tree in the garden: We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: but of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, nethier shall ye touch it, lest ye die†¦when the woman saw that the tree was good for food†¦she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat†¦God asked, Hast though eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat (Genesis 53 book 3)? God told Adam and Eve what to do, but he allowed them to make their own decisions and suffer the consequences of the choice that they made. They had free will to do as the wished and had an understanding God to watch over them and let them learn from their mistakes. The Aeneid was written by the Roman, Virgil. During this time, the Roman’s believed that they did not have free will, the gods told them what to do with their lives. Aeneas believed that his mission, to found a city that would be the Roman state, was imposed upon him by the gods. The god’s interpreter†¦has brought Commands down through the racing winds!†¦ With my very ears I drank his message in!†¦ I sail for Italy not of my own free will (The Aeneid 857 lines 468-75). The gods told Aeneas that he should found a city. He did not necessarily feel that he was forced, he just knew that what the gods told him to do was right.Show MoreRelatedFree Will And Free Choice1122 Words   |  5 Pagesknown permitted the choice, your free will grants you this privilege. Or does it? Free will is a false concept often confused with free choice. Free will does not truly exist, the limitations set by nature and the influence of other people hinder the ability to choose without the impact of past experiences. As Barbara Smoker, a British Humanist activist and freethought advocate stated, â€Å"Free choice means you are not forced by other people or what is outside of you. Free will is the idea that you areRead MoreShould Free Will Be Free?904 Words   |  4 Pagestalking about the idea of â€Å"free will† there are a lot of factors involved. I think it’s difficult to just openly say yes or no to the question of â€Å"Do all humans have free will?†, because there are certain cases on each side where things aren t so black and white. When first thinking about this question, I went back and forth on my answer. It was hard to pick a side. In the end though I came up with this idea. All humans are created as free beings, and they have the free will to do as they chooseRead MoreFree Will And The Door For Free Action1426 Words   |  6 PagesWith a revised interpretation of free will and internalization of weight bestowal, indeterminacy might open the door for free actio n. We will discuss what this paper means by free action and indeterminacy, explore why Sider thinks indeterminacy is incompatible with free action, object Sider’s arguments using Nozick’s proposal of self-subsuming weight bestowal, and investigate possible counter arguments to Nozick’s proposition. The libertarian view requires a free action to be non-random, uncausedRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will1616 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 3 – Free Will Free will is the ability to choose freely and control our actions. Basically, free will shows the level of responsibility we claim for our actions and decisions. Obviously, if outside forces determine our choices, we cannot be held responsible for our actions. However, if our choices are made with total freedom than certainly we must claim responsibility for our choices and actions. God is justified in creating a world with the existence of free will which philosophers suchRead MoreFree Will and Determinism 1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe problem of free will and determinism is a mystery about what human beings are able to do. The best way to describe it is to think of the alternatives taken into consideration when someone is deciding what to do, as being parts of various â€Å"alternative features† (Van-Inwagen). Robert Kane argues for a new version of libertarianism with an indeterminist element. He believes that deeper freedom is not an illusion. Derk Pereboom takes an agnostic approach about causal determinism and sees himselfRead MoreIn Defense of Free Will1055 Words   |  4 Pages In this paper I will present an argument against free will and then I will defend a response to that argument. Free will is defined as having the ability to make our own choices. Some will argue that all of our decisions have already been dictated by our desires therefore we never actually truly make our own choices. The purpose of this paper is to defend the argument that we have free will by attacking the premise that states we have no control over what we desire. I will defeat this premiseRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - The Paradox of Free Will1318 Words   |  6 PagesA Paradox: Oedipuss Free will in the Play Oedipus Rex William Shakespeare once wrote, Who can control his fate? (Othello, Act v, Sc.2).  A hero and leader must acknowledge above all else his honor, and the pride of his image.   In ancient Greek beliefs, a hero was a man who stood taller than the rest; he was able to better any conflict.   He did this not for himself or for any token award that may be given to him, but for the security of his fellow man.   Physical strength and superior wit areRead MoreThe Relevence of Free Will615 Words   |  3 Pageshuge part in who we are. But we also have free will. -Aidan Quinn Basically this quote is saying how we are raised in the home determines a big factory of how discipline we are however we still must take into consideration that we are still held accountable for our action regardless. Although how we were raised in the home play a major role with the choices we make in our entire lives as an individual. I do believe that morals have a strong factor in free will and determinism. Hom es that teach moralsRead MoreThe View On Free Will1264 Words   |  6 PagesAvalon Singer 29 September 2014 Topic 1: What I Believe is the Correct View on Free Will We are raised to believe that we are the makers of our own destiny. Every decision we make is our own, and we are free citizens in every sense of the word. Although this thought is comforting, I do not consider it to be true. I think that free will is an illusion. The idea of free will is what keeps us sane and motivates us in our lives, but is not what controls our lives. I presume that our world isRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will950 Words   |  4 PagesAs a concept, free will offers a tremendous opportunity to pursue rationality of purpose. Within this rationality, individuals find wisdom whenever they exercise it appropriately. Both Skinner and Bandura state that free will explore the determinant to the ability of humanity to discover the space around them (Koons, 2002). Over time, philosophers have maintained that free will offers itself as a gift to humanity. It is presumed, therefore, that free will is God’s ordination, and as such, man should

Understanding How the Supply Curve Works

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents - 2038 Words

Charvi Patel April 7th, 2010 Obesity among Children and Adolescents Obesity has been a controversial issue for years. Childhood obesity is already an epidemic in some areas and is on the rise in others. Although rare in the past, obesity is now amongst some of the most widespread issues affecting our children and adolescents living in the United States today. Childhood obesity is harmful to not only the child’s present lifestyle but it also affects the child’s future. Obesity in children is on the rise due to parenting style, inadequate exposure to healthy foods at a young age, availability of unhealthy foods, lack of education and awareness of the side effects and risks, and an increase in sedentary behavior. Obesity is a serious†¦show more content†¦Childhood obesity can affect the child’s health not only at the current time but also in the future. It can lead to many early onset health problems and complications. Obesity in children and teens has been found to be the leading cause of pediatric hypertension (high blood pressure); it increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stress on weight bearing joints, and is associated with Type II diabetes mellitus. But these health complications aren’t the only consequences of childhood obesity. It can also lead to social and psychological problems in the child such as a low self-esteem and affect relationships with peers, which can lead to psychological health disorders related to weight such as bulge eating, bulimia, and anorexia. The child or adolescents life can be put in danger by multiple unhealthy food choices that have lead to this epidemic of childhood obesity. The popularity of television, computers, and video games translates into an increasingly sedentary (inactive) lifestyle for many children in the United States. The sedentary behavior in a child and adolescents daily routine is a major contributing factor to the increasing rates of childhood obesity. The media may decrease the time children spend engaging in physical activities, which in turn lowers the child’s metabolic rates. Several studies have shown a positive association between the amount time spent viewing television and the increase in the prevalence ofShow MoreRelatedObesity Among Children, Adolescents And Adults845 Words   |  4 PagesObesity among children, adolescents and adults has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. Being overweight or being considered obese is typically a direct result from daily lifestyle choices, the consequences of which gradually accumulate. Genetics and social factors such as socio-economic stat us, race/ethnicity, media and marketing as well as the physical environment also influence energy consumption and expenditure (KoyuncuoÄŸlu Gà ¼ngà ¶r, 2014). Obesity seemsRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesoverweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. They began by taking the heights and weights of the children and the BMI scores were calculated. After 2.5 years of treatment, the mean weight was taking from the parents of 664 children. The resultsRead MoreThe Importance Of Obesity Among Adolescents954 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society, obesity has become an increasing problem. Even more concerning is the prevalence of obesity among adolescents, whi ch has many health implications. Obesity in adolescents was not widely studied until recent years, and can be defined as an excess of body fat caused by an imbalance of energy (food) intake and energy output (Cummins and Macintyre, 2006). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), overweight is the body mass index (BMI) at or above the 85th percentileRead MorePreventing Obesity among School Children through Healthier School Meals1323 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing Obesity Among School Children through Healthier School Meals Obesity and overweight are among the pressing health problems among children and adolescents in the developed world. Obesity refers to an excess amount of body fat whereas overweight can be measured by the BMI index or height-weight ratio. According to the WHO (2012), obesity and overweight are the fifth largest risk for global deaths. Introduction Obesity and overweight among children and adolescents has increasedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Satirical Street Art That Sends Messages Of Awareness Of The Corrupt Society1626 Words   |  7 Pageshas remarked that â€Å" a recent survey or North American males found 42% were overweight, 34% were critically obese and 8% ate the survey.† With the rising awareness and prevalence, obesity has become an epidemic. In the United States alone, one of every five Americans are overweight, and one of every five are obese. Among the younger ages of childhood and adolescence, the National Health and Nutrition Examination reported that 17% of kids â€Å"age six through nineteen are obese.† This problem, of courseRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreThe Growing Issue With Childhood Obesity1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Growing Issue With Childhood Obesity Carmen Solivan- Amengual American Public University The Growing Issue With Childhood Obesity Although childhood obesity is a serious issue, there has been a great decrease over the past decade, thanks to research on childhood obesity and programs that help decrease the number of children and adolescents who are overweight. Childhood obesity can have long term and lasting effects on the overall well-being of a child, including cardiovascular disease, high riskRead MoreThe Problem of Adolescent Obesity in Malaysia Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesNowadays, obesity becomes a common, well-known health problem among adolescents. There was a significant rise in obesity prevalence in children and adolescent between 1999 and 2010. In 2007 to 2010, almost 17% of United State children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years old had a body mass index (BMI) higher than or equal to the 95th percentile of the BMI-for-age growth charts in which were classified as obese (Ogden et al., 2012). This was also happened to adolescents in Malaysia where nearlyRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is Becoming A Major Public Health Crisis Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is becoming a major public health crisis in both children and adults. The American Heritage dictionary simply defines obesity as a condition of increased body weight that is due to excessive build up of fat in the body. The CDC (Center for Disease Control), use the BMI (Basal Metabolic Index) and CDC growth charts to determine obesity and overweight in adolescents and children. The BMI-for-age percentile is determined by plotting the BMI value. Using this chart, obesity is definedRead MoreThe Field Of Psychosocial Epidemiology Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables associated with a chronic health condition. Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by presence of excess of body fat. Obesity is measured by using Body Mass Index (BMI) in children 2 years of age and older. The BMI is calculated by the body weight (in kilograms) divided by the height squared in meters. In adults, a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 is regarded as overweight and a BMI greater or equal to 30 kg/m2 is regarded as obese. Obesity in adults is subcategorized as class I (BMI ≠¥30

Project on Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banking Free Essays

string(77) " ratio is more indicative of thequality of credit decisions made by bankers\." Genesis The banking sector has been undergoing a complex, but comprehensive phase of  restructuring since 1991, with a view to make it sound, efficient, and at the same time it isforging its links firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and  growth. Although a complete turnaround in banking sector performance is not expected till thecompletion of reforms, signs of improvement are visible in some indicators under theCAMELS framework. Under this bank is required to enhance capital adequacy, strengthenasset quality, improve management, increase earnings and reduce sensitivity to variousfinancial risks. We will write a custom essay sample on Project on Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The almost simultaneous nature of these developments makes it difficult todisentangle the positive impact of reform measures. In 1994, the RBI established the Board of Financial Supervision, which operates as a unit of  the RBI. The entire supervisory mechanism was realigned to suit the changing needs of astrong and stable financial system. The supervisory jurisdiction of the BFS was slowlyextended to the entire financial system barring the capital market institutions and theinsurance sector. Its mandate is to strengthen supervision of the financial system byintegrating oversight of the activities of financial services firms. The BFS has alsoestablished a sub-committee to routinely examine auditing practices, quality, and coverage. In 1995, RBI had set up a working group under the chairmanship of Shri S. Padmanabhan toreview the banking supervision system. The Committee gave certain recommendations and  based on such suggestions a rating system for domestic and foreign banks based on theinternational CAMELS model combining financial management and sensitivity to marketrisks element was introduced for the inspection cycle commencing from July 1998. Itrecommended that the banks should be rated on a five point scale (A to E) based on the linesof international CAMELS rating model. CAMELS rating model measures the relativesoundness of a bank. bj ectives of the Pro j ect Study ?To study the Financial Performance of the b anks.? y To study the strength of using CAMELS framework as a tool of Performanceevaluation for Commercial banks y To describe the CAMELS model of ranking banking institutions, so as to analyze  the  performance of various bank. R ationale In the recent years the financial system especially the banks have undergone numerouschanges in the form of reforms, regulations norms. The attempt here is to see how variousratios have been used and interpreted to reveal a bank ¶s performance and how this particular  model encompasses a wide range of parameters making it a widely used and accepted modelin today ¶s scenario. Data Collection y Primary Data : Primary data was collected  from the Banks ¶ balance sheets and profitand loss statements. y Secondary Data : Secondary data on the subject was collected from ICFAI journals,Banks ¶ annual reports and RBIM ethodology As long as the methodology is concerned, we have made use of a framework calledCAMELS FRAMEWORK. There are so many models of evaluating the performance of the  banks, but I have chosen the CAMELS Model for this purpose. I have gone through several  books, journals and websites and found it the best model because it measures the  performance of the banks from each parameter i. e. Capital, Assets, Management, Earnings,Liquidity and Sensitivity to  Market risks. CAMELS evaluate banks on  the following six parameters : -? Capital Adequacy (CRAR)? Asset Quality (GNPA)? Management Soundness (MGNT)? Earnings profitability (ROA)? Liquidity (LQD)? Sensitivity to Market  Risks (? ) websitDuring an on-site bank exam, supervisors gather private information, such as details on  problem loans, with which to evaluate a bank’s financial condition and to monitor itscompliance with laws and regulatory policies. A key product of such an exam is asupervisory rating of the bank’s overall condition, commonly referred to as a CAMELSrating. The acronym â€Å"CAMEL† refers to the five components of a bank’s condition that areassessed : Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, and Liquidity. A sixthcomponent, a bank’s Sensitivity to market risk was added in 1997; hence the acronym waschanged to CAMELSAMELS is basically a ratio-based model for evaluating the performance of banks. Variousratios forming this model are explained below : Capital base of financial institutions facilitates depositors in forming their risk perceptionabout the institutions. Also, it is the key parameter for financial managers to maintainadequate levels of capitalization. The most widely used indicator of capital adequacy iscapital to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRWA). According to Bank Supervision RegulationCommittee (The Basle Committee) of Bank for International Settlements, a minimum 9  percent CRWA is required. Thus, it is useful to track capital-adequacy ratios that take intoaccount the most important financial risks? foreign exchange, credit, and interest raterisks? by assigning risk weightings to the institution ¶s assets. A sound capital basestrengthens confidence of depositors. This ratio is used to protect depositors and promote thestability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Capital R isk Adequacy R atio: CRAR is a ratio of Capital Fund to Risk Weighted Assets. Reserve Bank of India prescribesBanks to maintain a minimum Capital to risk-weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) of 9 % withregard to credit risk, market risk and operational risk on an ongoing basis, as against 8 %  prescribed in Basel documents. Component-wise Capital Adequacy of ScheduledCommercial Banks (As at end- M arch) Capital to R isk W eighted Assets R atio- Bank Group-wise Total capital includes tier-I capital and Tier-II capital. Tier-I capital includes paid up equitycapital, free reserves, intangible assets etc. Tier-II capital includes long term unsecuredloans, loss reserves, hybrid debt capital instruments etc. The higher the CRAR, the stronger  is considered a bank, as  it ensures high safety against bankruptcy. Asset quality determines the robustness of financial institutions against loss of value in theassets. The deteriorating value of assets, being prime source of banking problems, directly  pour into other areas, as losses are eventually written off against capital, which ultimately  jeopardizes the earning capacity of the institution. With this backdrop, the asset quality isgauged n relation to the level and severity of non-performing assets, adequacy of  Ã‚  provisions, recoveries, distribution of assets etc. Popular indicators include non-performingloans to advances, loan default to total advances, and recoveries to loan default ratios. One of the indicators for asset quality is the ratio of non-performing loans to total loans(GNPA). The gross non-performing loans to gro ss advances ratio is more indicative of thequality of credit decisions made by bankers. You read "Project on Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banking" in category "Essay examples" Higher GNPA is indicative of poor creditdecision-making. N PA: N on-Performing Assets: Advances are classified into performing and non-performing advances (NPAs) as per RBIguidelines. NPAs are further classified into sub-standard, doubtful and loss assets based onthe criteria stipulated by RBI. An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-performingwhen it ceases to  generate income for the Bank. An NPA is a loan or an advance where : 1. Interest and/or installment of principal remains overdue for a period of more than 90days in respect of a term loan;2. The account remains â€Å"out-of-order† in respect of an Overdraft or Cash Credit(OD/CC);3. The bill remains overdue for  a period of more than  90 days in case of bills purchasedand discounted;4. A loan granted for short duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installmentsof principal or interest thereon remain overdue  for two crop seasons; and5. A loan granted for long duration crops will be treated as an NPA if the installmentsof principal or interest thereon remain overdue  for one crop season. The Bank classifies an account as an NPA only if the interest imposed during any quarter isnot fully repaid within 90 days from the end of the relevant quarter. This is a key to thestability of the banking sector. There should be no hesitation in stating that Indian bankshave done a remarkable job in containment of non-performing loans (NPL) considering theoverhang issues and overall difficult environment. For 2008, the net NPL ratio for the Indianscheduled commercial banks at 2. 9 per cent is ample testimony to the impressive efforts  being made by our banking system. In fact, recovery management is also linked to the  banks ¶ interest margins. The cost and recovery management supported by enabling legalframework hold the key to future health and competitiveness of the Indian banks. No doubt,improving recovery-management in India is an area requiring expeditious and effectiveactions in legal, institutional and judicial processes. Management of financial institution is generally evaluated in terms of capital adequacy,asset quality, earnings and profitability, liquidity and risk sensitivity ratings. In addition,  performance evaluation includes compliance with set norms, ability to plan and react tochanging circumstances, technical competence, leadership and administrative ability. Ineffect, management rating is just an amalgam of performance in the above-mentioned areas. Sound management is one of the most important factors behind financial institutions ¶Ã‚  performance. Indicators of quality of management, however, are primarily applicable toindividual institutions, and cannot be easily aggregated across the sector. Furthermore, giventhe qualitative nature of management, it is difficult to judge its soundness just by looking atfinancial accounts of the banks. Nevertheless, total expenditure to total income and operating expense to total expense helpsin gauging the management quality of the banking institutions. Sound management is key to  bank performance but is difficult to measure. It is primarily a qualitative factor applicable toindividual institutions. Several indicators, however, can jointly serve? as, for instance,efficiency measures do-as an indicator of management  soundness. The ratio of non-interest expenditures to total assets (MGNT) can be one of the measures toassess the working of the management. . This variable, which includes a variety of expenses,such as payroll, workers compensation and training investment, reflects the management  policy stance. E fficiency R atios demonstrate how efficiently the company uses its assets and howefficiently the company manages its operations. Indicates the relationship between assets and revenue. ? Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, those with high  profit margins have low asset turnover – it indicates pricing strategy. ? This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growingrevenue in proportion to sales. Asset Turnover Analysis: This ratio is useful to determine the amount of sales that are generated from each rupee of  assets. As noted above, companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover,those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Earnings and profitability, the prime source of increase in capital base, is examined withregards to interest rate policies and adequacy of provisioning. In addition, it also helps tosupport present and future operations of the institutions. The single best indicator used togauge earning is the Return on Assets (ROA), which is net income after taxes to total assetratio. Strong earnings and profitability profile of banks reflects the ability to support present andfuture operations. More specifically, this determines the capacity to  absorb losses, finance itsexpansion, pay dividends to its shareholders, and build up an adequate level of capital. Being front line of defense against erosion of capital base from losses, the need for highearnings and profitability can hardly be overemphasized. Although different indicators areused to serve the purpose, the best and most widely used indicator is Return on Assets(ROA). However, for in-depth analysis, another indicator Net Interest Margins (NIM) is alsoused. Chronically unprofitable financial institutions risk insolvency. Compared with mostother indicators, trends in profitability can be more difficult to interpret-for instance,unusually high profitability can reflect excessive risk taking. R O A- R eturn on Assets: An indicator of how  profitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA gives an  idea asto how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Calculated bydividing a company’s annual earnings by its total assets, ROA is displayed as a percentage. Sometimes this is referred to as â€Å"return on investment†. ROA tells what earnings were generated from invested capital (assets). ROA for publiccompanies can vary substantially and will be highly dependent on the industry. This is why when using ROA as a comparative measure, it is best to compare it against a company’s  previous ROA numbers or the  ROA of a similar company. The assets of the company are comprised of both debt and equity. Both of these types of  financing are used to fund the operations of the company. The ROA figure gives investorsan idea of how effectively the company is converting the money it has to invest into netincome. The higher the ROA number, the better, because the company is earning moremoney on less investment. For example, if one company has a net income of $1 million andtotal assets of $5 million, its ROA is 20%; however, if another company earns the sameamount but has total assets of $10 million, it has an ROA of 10%. Based on this example,the first company is better at converting its investment into profit. When you really think  about it, management’s most important job is to make wise choices in allocating itsresources. Anybody can make a profit by throwing a ton of money at a problem, but veryfew managers excel at  making large profits with little investment. R eturn on Assets and R eturn on E quity of SCBs- Bank Group-wise An adequate liquidity position refers to a situation, where institution can obtain sufficientfunds, either by increasing liabilities or by converting its assets quickly at a reasonable cost. It is, therefore, generally assessed in terms of overall assets and liability management, asmismatching gives rise to liquidity risk. Efficient fund management refers to a situationwhere a spread between rate sensitive assets (RSA) and rate sensitive liabilities (RSL) ismaintained. The most commonly used tool to evaluate interest rate exposure is the Gap  between RSA and RSL,  while liquidity is gauged by liquid to total asset ratio. Initially solvent financial institutions may be driven toward closure by poor management of  short-term liquidity. Indicators should cover funding sources and capture large maturitymismatches. The term liquidity is used in various ways, all relating to availability of, accessto, or convertibility into cash. ? An institution is said to have liquidity if it can easily meet its needs for cash either  Ã‚  because it has cash on  hand or can otherwise raise or borrow cash. ? A market is said to be liquid if the instruments it trades can easily be bought or soldin quantity with little impact on market prices. ? An asset is said to be liquid if the  market for that asset is liquid. The common theme in all three contexts is cash. A corporation is liquid if it has ready accessto cash. A market is liquid if participants can easily convert positions into cash? or  conversely. An asset is liquid if it can easily be converted to cash. The liquidity of aninstitution depends on : y the institution’s short-term need for cash; y cash on hand; y available lines of credit; y the liquidity of the  institution’s assets; y The institution’s reputation in the marketplace? how willing will counterparty is totransact trades with or lend to the  institution? The liquidity of a market is often measured as the size of its bid-ask spread, but this is animperfect metric at best. More generally, Kyle (1985) identifies three components of marketliquidity : ? Tightness is the bid-ask spread; ? Depth is the volume of transactions necessary to  move prices; ? Resiliency is the speed with which prices return to equilibrium following a largetrade. Examples of assets that tend to be liquid include foreign exchange; stocks traded in theStock Exchange or recently issued Treasury bonds. Assets that are often illiquid includelimited partnerships, thinly traded bonds or real estate. Cash maintained by the banks and balances with central bank, to total asset ratio (LQD) isan indicator of bank’s liquidity. In general, banks with a larger volume of liquid assets are  perceived safe, since these assets would allow  banks to meet unexpected  withdrawals. Credit deposit ratio is a tool used to study the liquidity position of the bank. It is calculated  by dividing the cash held in different forms by total deposit. A high ratio shows that there ismore amounts of liquid cash with the bank to met its clients cash withdrawals. It refers to the risk that changes  in market conditions could adversely impact earnings and/or  capital. Market Risk encompasses exposures associated with changes in interest rates, foreignexchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices, etc. While all of these items are important,the primary risk in most banks is interest rate risk (IRR), which will be the focus of thismodule. The diversified nature of bank operations makes them vulnerable to various kindsof financial risks. Sensitivity analysis reflects institution ¶s exposure to interest rate risk,foreign exchange volatility and equity price risks (these risks are summed in market risk). Risk sensitivity is mostly evaluated in terms of management ¶s ability to monitor and controlmarket risk. Banks are increasingly involved in diversified operations, all of which are subject to marketrisk, particularly in the setting of interest rates and the carrying out of foreign exchangetransactions. In countries that allow banks to make trades in stock markets or commodityexchanges, there is also a  need to monitor indicators of equity and commodity price risk. Sensitivity to Market Risk is a recent addition to the ratings parameters and reflects thedegree to which changes in interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and equity  prices can affect earnings and  hence the bank ¶s capital. It  is measured by Beta (? . 1. ? ;1, depicts that changes in the firm are less than the changes in the market. LessSensitive2. ? =1, depicts that there is equivalent change in the firm with the changes in themarket Equally Sensitive. 3. ? ;1, depicts that changes in the firm are more than the changes in the market. Highly Sensitive. The Bank The word bank means an organization where people and business can invest or borrowmoney; change it to foreign currency etc. According to Halsbury ? A Banker is an individual,Partnership or Corporation whose sole pre-dominant business is banking, that is the receiptof money on current or deposit ccount, and the payment of cheque drawn and the collectionof cheque paid in by a customer.  ¶Ã‚ ¶ The O rigin and Use of Banks The Word  µBank ¶ is derived from the Italian word  µBanko ¶ signifying a bench, which waserected in the market-place, where it was customary to exchange money. The Lombard Jewswere the first to practice this exchange business, the first bench having been established inItaly A. D. 808. Some authorities assert that the Lombard merchants commenced the  business of money-dealing, employing bills of exchange as remittances, about the beginningof the thirteenth century. About the middle of the twelfth century it became evident, as the advantage of coinedmoney was gradually acknowledged, that there must be some controlling power, somecorporation which would undertake to keep the coins that were to bear the royal stamp up toa certain standard of value; as, independently of the  µsweating ¶ which invention may place tothe credit of the ingenuity of the Lombard merchants- all coins will, by wear or abrasion,  become thinner, and consequently less valuable; and it is of the last importance, not only for  the credit of a country, but for the easier regulation of commercial transactions, that themetallic currency be kept as nearly as possible up to the legal standard. Much unnecessarytrouble and annoyance has been caused formerly by negligence in this respect. The gradualmerging of the business of a goldsmith into a bank appears to have been the way in which  banking, as we now understand the term, was introduced into England; and it was not unti llong after the establishment of banks in other countries-for state purposes, the regulation of  the coinage, etc. that any large or similar institution was introduced into England. It is onlywithin the last twenty years that printed cheques have  been in use in that establishment. Firstcommercial bank was Bank of Venice which was established in 1157  in Italy. Banking sector, the world over, is known for the adoption of multidimensional strategiesfrom time to time with varying degrees of success. Banks are very important for the smoothfunctioning of financial markets as they serve as repositories of vital financial informationand can potentially alleviate the problems created by information asymmetries. From acentral bank ¶s perspective, such high-quality disclosures help the early detection of  Ã‚  problems faced by banks in the market and reduce the severity of market disruptions. Consequently, the RBI as part and parcel of the financial sector deregulation, attempted toenhance the transparency of the annual reports of Indian banks by, among other things,introducing stricter income recognition and asset classification rules, enhancing the capitaladequacy norms, and by requiring a number of additional disclosures sought by investors tomake better cash flow and risk assessments. [Source : RBI Website] BAS EL – II ACC O R D Bank capital framework sponsored by the world’s central banks designed to promoteuniformity, make regulatory capital more risk sensitive, and promote enhanced risk  management among large, internationally active banking organizations. The InternationalCapital Accord, as it is called, will be fully effective by January 2008 for banks active ininternational markets. Other banks can choose to â€Å"opt in,† or they can continue to follow theminimum capital guidelines in the original Basel Accord, finalized in 1988. The revisedaccord (Basel II) completely overhauls the 1988 Basel Accord and is based on threemutually supporting concepts, or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"pillars,† of capital adequacy. The first of these pillars is anexplicitly defined regulatory capital requirement, a minimum capital-to-asset ratio equal toat least 8% of risk-weighted assets. Second, bank supervisory agencies, such as theComptroller of the Currency, have authority to adjust capital levels for individual banksabove the 9% minimum when necessary. The third supporting pillar calls upon marketdiscipline to supplement reviews by banking agencies. Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking lawsand regulations issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The purpose of  Basel II, which was initially published in June 2004, is to create an international standardthat banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much capital banksneed to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face. Advocates of Basel II believe that such an international standard can help protect theinternational financial system from the types of problems that might arise should a major  Ã‚  bank or a  series of banks collapse. In practice, Basel II attempts to accomplish this by settingup rigorous risk and capital management requirements designed to ensure that a bank holdscapital reserves appropriate to the risk the bank exposes itself to through its lending andinvestment practices. [Source : RBI Website] The final version aims at: 1. Ensuring that capital allocation is more risk sensitive;2. Separating operational risk from credit risk, and quantifying both;3. Attempting to align economic and regulatory capital more closely to reduce thescope for regulatory arbitrage. While the final accord has largely addressed the regulatory arbitrage issue, there are stillareas where regulatory capital requirements will diverge from the economic. Basel II has largely left unchanged the question of how to actually define bank capital,which diverges from accounting equity in important respects. The Basel I definition, asmodified up to the present, remains in place. The Accord in operation Basel II uses a â€Å"three pillars† concept y inimum capital requirements (addressing risk), y supervisory review and y market discipline  ± to promote greater stability in the financial system. The Basel I accord dealt with only parts of each of these pillars. For example : with respectto the first Basel II pillar, only one risk, cre dit risk, was dealt with in a simple manner whilemarket risk was an afterthought; operational risk was not  dealt with at all. The First Pillar The first pillar deals with maintenance of regulatory capital calculated for three major  components of risk that a bank faces : credit risk, operational risk and market risk. Other  risks are not considered fully quantifiable at this stage. The credit risk component can be calculated in three different ways of varying degree of  sophistication, namely standardized approach, Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB. IRBstands for â€Å"Internal Rating-Based Approach†. For operational risk, there are three different approaches – basic indicator approach,standardized approach and advanced measurement approach. For market risk the preferredapproach is VaR (value at  risk). As the Basel II recommendations are phased in by the banking industry it will move fromstandardized requirements to more refined and specific requirements that have beendeveloped for each risk category by each individual bank. The upside for banks that dodevelop their own bespoke risk measurement systems is that they will be rewarded with  potentially lower risk capital requirements. In future there will be closer links between theconcepts of economic profit and regulatory capital. Credit Risk can be calculated by using one of three approaches : 1. Standardized Approach2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approach3. Advanced IRB ApproachThe standardized approach sets out specific risk weights for certain types of credit risk. Thestandard risk weight categories are used under Basel 1 and are 0% for short termgovernment bonds, 20% for exposures to OECD Banks, 50% for residential mortgages and 100% weighting on commercial loans. A new 150% rating comes in for borrowers with poor  credit ratings. The minimum capital requirement (the percentage of risk weighted assets to  be held as capital) has remains at  8%. For those Banks that decide to adopt the standardized ratings approach they will be forced torely on the ratings generated by external agencies. Certain Banks are developing the IRBapproach as a result. The Second Pillar The second pillar deals with the regulatory response to the first pillar, giving regulatorsmuch improved ‘tools’ over those available to them under Basel I. It also provides aframework for dealing with all the other risks a bank may face, such as systemic risk,  pension risk, concentration risk, strategic risk, reputation risk, liquidity risk and legal risk,which the accord combines under the title of residual risk. It gives banks a power to reviewtheir risk management  system. The Third Pillar The third pillar greatly increases the disclosures that the bank must make. This is designedto allow the market to have a better picture of the overall risk position of the bank and toallow the counterparties of the bank to price and deal appropriately. The new Basel Accordhas its foundation on three mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and bank  supervisors to evaluate properly the various risks that banks face and realign regulatorycapital more closely with underlying risks. The first pillar is compatible with the credit risk,market risk and operational risk. The regulatory capital will be focused on these three risks. The second pillar gives the bank responsibility to exercise the best ways to manage the risk  specific to that bank. Concurrently, it also casts responsibility on the supervisors to reviewand validate banks ¶ risk measurement models. The third pillar on market discipline is usedto leverage the influence that other market players can bring. This is aimed at improving thetransparency in banks and  improves reporting. State Bank of India is the largest banking and financial services company in India, by almostevery parameter – revenues, profits, assets, market capitalization, etc. The bank traces itsancestry to British India, through the Imperial Bank of India, to the founding in 1806 of theBank of Calcutta, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian Subcontinent. TheGovernment of India nationalized the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with the ReserveBank of India taking a 60% stake, and renamed it the State Bank of India. In 2008, theGovernment took over the  stake held by the Reserve Bank of India. SBI provides a range of banking products through its vast network of branches in India andoverseas, including products aimed at NRIs. The State Bank Group, with over 16,000  branches, has the largest banking branch network in India. With an asset base of $260 billionand $195 billion in deposits, it is a regional banking behemoth. It has a market share amongIndian commercial banks of about 20% in deposits and advances, and SBI accounts for  almost one-fifth of the nation’s loans. The total assets of the Bank increased by 9. 23% fromRs. 9,64,432. 08 crores at the end of March 2009 to Rs. 10,53,413. 3 crores as at end March2010. The Bank ¶s aggregate liabilities (excluding capital and reserves) rose by 8. 93% fromRs. 9,06,484. 38 crores on 31st March 2009 to Rs. 9,87,464. 53 crores on 31st March 2010. K ey performance I ndicators [Source : Annual Report, 2009-10]SBI has tried to reduce over-sta ffing by computerizing operations and â€Å"golden handshake†schemes that led to a flight of its best and brightest managers. These managers took theretirement allowances and then went on to become senior managers in new private sector ICICI Bank (formerly Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) is a major  Ã‚  banking and financial services organization in India. It is the 4th largest bank in India andthe largest private sector bank in India by market capitalization. The bank also has a network  of 1,700+ branches (as on 31 March 2010) and about 4,721 ATMs in India and presence in19 countries, as well as some 24 million customers (at the end of July 2007). ICICI Bank isalso the largest issuer of credit cards in India. ICICI Bank’s shares are listed on the stock  exchanges at Kolkata and Vadodara, Mumbai and the National Stock Exchange of IndiaLimited; its ADRs trade on the New  York Stock Exchange (NYSE). [Source : Annual Report, 2009-10]The Bank is expanding in overseas markets and has the largest international balance sheetamong Indian banks. ICICI Bank now has wholly-owned subsidiaries, branches andrepresentatives offices in 19 countries, including an offshore unit in Mumbai. This includeswholly owned subsidiaries in Canada, Russia and the UK (the subsidiary through which theHi SAVE savings brand is operated), offshore banking units in Bahrain and Singapore, anadvisory branch in Dubai, branches in Belgium, Hong Kong and Sri Lanka, andrepresentative offices in Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Africa, Thailand,the United Arab Emirates and USA. Overseas, the Bank is targeting the NRI (Non- ResidentIndian) population in particular. History HDFC Bank was incorporated in the year of 1994 by Housing Development FinanceCorporation Limited (HDFC), India’s premier housing finance company. It was among thefirst companies to receive an ‘in principle’ approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) toset up a bank in the private sector. The Bank commenced its operations as a ScheduledCommercial Bank in January 1995 with the help of RBI’s liberalization policies. In a milestone transaction in the Indian banking industry, Times Bank Limited (promoted byBennett, Coleman Co. / Times Group) was merged with HDFC Bank Ltd. , in 2000. Thiswas the first merger of two private banks in India. As per the scheme of amalgamationapproved by the shareholders of both banks and the Reserve Bank of India, shareholders of  Times Bank received 1  share of HDFC Bank for every 5. 75  shares of Times Bank. In 2008 HDFC Bank acquired Centurion Bank of Pun j a b aking its total branches to morethan 1,000. The amalgamated bank emerged with a strong deposit base of around Rs. 1,22,000 crore and net advances of around Rs. 89,000 crore. The balance sheet size of thecombined e ntity is over Rs. 1,63,000 crore. The amalgamation added significant value toHDFC Bank in terms of increased branch network, geographic reach, and customer base,and a bigger pool of skilled manpower   Capital Adequacy [Source : Annual Report, 2009-10] The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited commonly known by its acronym IDBIis one of India’s leading public sector banks and 4th largest Bank in overall ratings. RBIcategorized IDBI as an â€Å"other public sector bank†. It was established in 1964 by an Act of  Parliament to provide credit and other facilities for the development of the fledgling Indianindustry. It is currently 10th largest development bank in the world in terms of reach with1210 ATMs, 720 branches and 486 centers. Some of the institutions built by IDBI are the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), the  National Securities Depository Services Ltd (NSDL), the Stock Holding Corporation of  India (SHCIL), the Credit Analysis ; Research Ltd, the Export-Import Bank of India (EximBank), the Small Industries Development bank of India(SIDBI), the EntrepreneurshipDevelopment Institute of India, and IDBI BANK, which today is owned by the IndianGovernment, though for a brief period it was a private scheduled bank. The IndustrialDevelopment Bank of India (IDBI) was established on July 1, 1964 under an Act of  Parliament as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. In 16 February 1976,the ownership of IDBI was transferred to the Government of India and it was made the  principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged infinancing, promoting and developing industry in the country. Although Governmentshareholding in the Bank came down below 100% following IDBI ¶s public issue in July1995, the former continues to  be the major shareholder (current shareholding : 52. 3%). During the four decades of its existence, IDBI has been instrumental not only in establishinga well-developed, diversified and efficient ndustrial and institutional structure but alsoadding a qualitative dimension to the process of industrial development in the country. IDBIhas played a pioneering role in fulfilling its mission of promoting industrial growth throughfinanci ng of medium and long-term projects, in consonance with national plans and  priorities. Over the years, IDBI has enlarged its basket of products and services, coveringalmost the entire spectrum of industrial activities, including manufacturing and services. IDBI provides financial assistance, both in rupee and foreign currencies, for green-field  projects as also for expansion, modernization and diversification purposes. In the wake of  financial sector reforms unveiled by the government since 1992, IDBI evolved an array of  fund and fee-based services with a view to providing an integrated solution to meet theentire demand of financial and corporate advisory requirements of its clients Axis Bank, formally UTI Bank, is a financial services firm that had begun operations in1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bank  was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of  India (UTI-I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance CorporationLtd. , National Insurance Company Ltd. The New India Assurance Company, The OrientalInsurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company UTI-I holds a special positionin the Indian capital markets and has promoted many leading financial institutions in thecountry. The bank changed its name to Axis Bank in April 2007 to avoid confusion withother unrelated entities with similar name. After the Retirement of Mr. P. J. Nayak, Shikha Sharma was named as the bank’s managingdirector and CEO on 20 April 2009. As on the year ended March 31, 2009 the Bank had atotal income of Rs 13,745. 04 crore (US$ 2. 93 billion) and a net profit of Rs. 1,812. 93 crore(US$ 386. 15 million). On February 24, 2010, Axis Bank announced the launch of ‘AXISCALL ; PAY on atom’, a unique mobile payments solution using Axis Bank debit cards. Axis Bank is the first bank in the country to provide a secure debit card-based paymentservice over IVR. Axis Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India, along with ICICI Bank,State Bank of India and HDFC Bank Branch Network At the end of March 2009, the Bank  has a very wide network of more than 835 branch offices and Extension Counters. Totalnumber of ATMs went up to 3595. The Bank has loans now (as of June 2007) account for asmuch as 70 per cent of the bank ¶s total loan book of Rs 2,00,000 crore. In the case of AxisBank, retail loans have declined from 30 per cent of the total loan book of Rs 25,800 crorein June 2006 to around 23 per cent of loan book of Rs. 41,280 crore (as of June 2007). Evenover a longer period,  while the overall asset growth for  Axis Bank has been quite high and has matched that of the other banks, retail exposuresgrew at a slower pace. The bank, though, appears to have insulated such pressures. Interestmargins, while they have declined from the 3. 15 per cent seen in 2003-04, are still hoveringclose to the 3 per cent mark. Axis Bank, formally UTI Bank, is a financial services firm that had begun operations in1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bank  was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of  India (UTI-I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance CorporationLtd. , National Insurance Company Ltd. The New India Assurance Company, The OrientalInsurance Corporation and United India Insurance Company UTI-I holds a special positionin the Indian capital markets and has promoted many leading financial institutions in thecountry. The bank changed its name to Axis Bank in April 2007 to avoid confusion withother unrelated entities with similar name. After the Retirement of Mr. P. J. Nayak, Shikha Sharma was named as the bank’s managingdirector and CEO on 20 April 2009. As on the year ended March 31, 2009 the Bank had atotal income of Rs 13,745. 04 crore (US$ 2. 93 billion) and a net profit of Rs. 1,812. 93 crore(US$ 386. 15 million). On February 24, 2010, Axis Bank announced the launch of ‘AXISCALL PAY on atom’, a unique mobile payments solution using Axis Bank debit cards. Axis Bank is the first bank in the country to provide a secure debit card-based paymentservice over IVR. Axis Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India, along with ICICI Bank,State Bank of India and HDFC Bank Branch Network At the end of March 2009, the Bank  has a very wide network of more than 835 branch offices and Extension Counters. Totalnumber of ATMs went up to 3595. The Bank has loans now (as of June 2007) account for asmuch as 70 per cent of the bank ¶s total loan book of Rs 2,00,000 crore. In the case of AxisBank, retail loans have declined from 30 per cent of the total loan book of Rs 25,800 crorein June 2006 to around 23 per cent of loan book of Rs. 41,280 crore (as of June 2007). Evenover a longer period,  while the overall asset growth for  Axis Bank has been quite high and has matched that of the other banks, retail exposuresgrew at a slower pace. The bank, though, appears to have insulated such pressures. Interestmargins, while they have declined from the 3. 15 per cent seen in 2003-04, are still hoveringclose to the 3 per cent mark. Reserve Bank of India prescribes Banks to maintain a minimum Capital to risk weightedAssets Ratio (CRAR) of 9 percent with regard to credit risk, market risk and operational risk  on an ongoing basis, as against 8 percent prescribed in Basel Documents. Capital adequacyratio of the ICICI Bank was well above the industry average of 13. 97% t. CAR of HDFC  bank is below the ratio of ICICI bank. HDFC Bank ¶s total Capital Adequacy stood at15. 26% as of March 31, 2010. The Bank adopted the Basel 2 framework as of March 31,2009 and the CAR computed as per Basel 2 guidelines stands higher against the regulatoryminimum of 9. 0%. HDFC CAR is gradually increased over the last 5 year and the capital adequacy ratio of  Axis bank is the increasing by every 2 year. SBI has maintained its CAR around in the rangeof 11 % to 14 %. But IDBI should reconsider their business as its CAR is falling YOY (year  on year). Higher the ratio the banks are in a comfortable position to absorb losses. So ICICIand HDFC are the strong one to absorb their loses. Gross N PA: Gross NPAs are the sum total of all loan assets that are classified as NPAs as per RBIguidelines as on Balance Sheet date. Gross NPA reflects the quality of the loans made by  banks. It consists of all the non standard  assets like as substandard, doubtful, and loss assets. It can be calculated  with the help of following ratio : SBI maintained its GNPA to 3% which is very good sign of performances as SBI is thelargest lender in INDIA. HDFC ¶s GNPA is quite good as it is low with compared to ICICIand SBI but in 2008-09 GNPA rises. The reason may be economic crises. AXIS bank haslowest GNPA which shown its management ability. ICICI has the highest GNPA in bankingindustry and rising YOY (year on  year). N et N PA: Net NPAs are those type of NPAs in which the bank has deducted the provision regarding  NPAs. Net NPA shows the actual burden of banks. Since in India, bank balance sheetscontain a huge amount of NPAs and the process of recovery and write off of loans is verytime consuming, the provisions the banks have to make against the NPAs according to thecentral bank guidelines, are quite significant. That is why the difference between gross andnet NPA is quite high. It can be calculated by following : AXIS Bank has least Net NPA and ICICI has highest NNPA among group. HDFC shown itsmanagement quality as it maintained its NNPA YOY (year on year). SBI has to keep NNPA  below. IDBI has successful to control NNPA YOY. How to cite Project on Comparison of Public and Private Sector Banking, Essay examples